10. A new satellite of Pluto (P4)
Now we know that Pluto revolves around the four satellites. Charon was discovered in 1978 and is the largest of the satellites of Pluto. Its diameter, according to current estimates, amounts to 1205 km - slightly more than half the diameter of Pluto, and the mass ratio of 1:8. For comparison, the ratio of the mass of the Moon and the Earth is equal to 1:81. Because of the small mass ratio of Charon and Pluto are often seen as a double dwarf planet. In 2005 with the Hubble Space Telescope has discovered two satellites of Pluto - Nobody Hydra. Presumably no one diameter - 46 km, and the Hydra - 61 km. Pluto satellite discovery occurred in 2011 when Hubble took pictures of a celestial body, which is temporarily called P4. Its dimensions are 13 to 34 km. How surprising that Hubble took pictures of a tiny body, located at a distance of more than 3 billion miles from us!

9. Giant cosmic magnetic bubblesNASA launched two space probes Voyager to study the heliosphere boundary region at a distance of about nine billion miles from Earth. Contrary formed over fifty years of speculation, observers were on the edge of the solar system is not a linear and gradually decreasing magnetic field, and the boiling foam locally magnetized regions of hundreds of millions of kilometers long each - mobile cellular structure within which the magnetic field lines are constantly broken, and recombine form a new field - the magnetic "bubbles"

Eight. Not only is the tail of a cometExperts NASA, working with the scientific satellite GALEX, in 2007 reported an amazing discovery. The star, named after the "Amazing" - World, fully lives up to its name. Made in the GALEX ultraviolet images have established that the star, located in the constellation Cetus, not only flying through space at great speed, but also reserves the tail like a comet, a length of 13 light-years. Prior to this discovery it was believed that the stars can not have tails.

7. Found on the Moon WaterOctober 9, 2009 LCROSS - NASA spacecraft for monitoring and sensing of lunar craters, some of it fell in the crater Cabeus, which is located on the dark side of the moon on its southern pole. As a result of the fall released a cloud of gas and dust. LCROSS flew through a cloud ejected by analyzing the substance, raised from the bottom of the crater. It turned out, the cloud particles contain not less than 100 pounds of water. Particularly unexpected was the presence of scientists on the moon large amounts of mercury and silver. Later, data from three spacecraft have shown that a thin film of water in some areas, covering the soil surface of the moon.

6. ErisIn January 2005, at the edge of the solar system was discovered a small planet Eris, which caused a debate among scientists about what is really the definition of a planet. Named discovered planet Eris - the goddess of discord in Greek mythology. Eris was initially considered the 10th planet of our solar system, but later she and other objects located in the Kuiper belt, joined in the new class: the dwarf planet. Eris is outside the orbit of Pluto and about the same size (diameter of 2326 kilometers of the planet) as Pluto. surface of Eris has an extraordinary brightness, scientists have been deemed that it is covered with an ice surface. The surface layer of ice must be constantly updated. If this does not happen, then the sunlight, and meteorite impacts, it would have long ago lost its brightness. According to assumptions, Eris has an atmosphere in which the high content of methane. That he occasionally freezing and thawing upgrades of the surface layer of ice. Eris has one known satellite, named Dysnomia (in Greek mythology Dysnomia - the daughter of the goddess Eris). The period of revolution of the planet around the Sun is 560 years old. Surface temperature of about minus 250 degrees. Eris and Dysnomia most distant known natural objects in the solar system.

Five. Water on MarsIn 2011, NASA issued a statement, accompanied by photographs, that Mars may be a "flowing water". Single-shot was taken, to show how the liquid running down the mountain slopes, situated in the middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere of the Red Planet. The dark bands increase in size during the spring and summer, and again disappear for the winter. The most reasonable assumption of scientists that this flow of salt water, which is hot enough when the world during the summer months. The ice melted and poured surface. Prospective streams two feet wide by five meters in length, reaching several hundred meters. Signs that Mars once had flowing water, have been found before, but this is the first time that such an event occurred in a short period of time

4. Enceladus, and its volcanoesEnceladus - the sixth largest moon of Saturn. It was opened in 1789. Thanks to the observations of the "Voyager" has been found that the diameter of Enceladus is about 500 km and that the surface of Enceladus reflects almost all incident sunlight on it. In 2005, an interplanetary probe "Cassini" several times passed near Enceladus. Failed to consider the kind of water-rich plume of steamy South Pole. Also, it was found that Enceladus - one of three celestial bodies in the outer solar system (along with the satellite of Jupiter Neptune satellite Triton IOI), which observed the active eruption. In 2011, NASA scientists at the «Enceladus Focus Group Conference» said Enceladus' most dwelling place in the solar system beyond Earth for the time of its existence "

3 Dark StreamDark flow was opened in 2008 and is fraught with more questions than answers. This thread is a cluster of galaxies, which are under the influence of an unknown force at high speed, about a thousand miles an hour, rush to the border of the visible universe. These clusters - part of the stream, which lasted for about 3 billion light years away. The motion of the dark flow can not be explained by any of the known gravitational forces in the observable universe. One possible explanation for the open events suggests that the cause of the flow - the attraction of huge accumulations of matter. But Laura Mersini-Houghton of the University of North Carolina (USA) makes an even more sensational explanation. From her point of view, the "dark flow" - a sign of the presence of another universe adjacent to ours. While these explanations, and even the very existence of "dark flow" unanimous recognition is not received, and around them are heated scientific debate.

Two. The planets outside the solar system - exoplanetsThe first exoplanets were discovered in 1992. This planet, orbiting stars outside Solnechnoysistemy. Exoplanets are very small and dim compared to stars. So for a long time problem of detecting planets around other stars was insoluble. Who are the world began to open due to improved scientific methods. By May 17, 2012 confirmed the existence of 770 exoplanets in 613 planetary systems. According to the project "Kepler" on December 21, 2011 has listed 2326 exoplanets. The total number of extrasolar planets in the Milky Way on new data from the 100 billion, of which approximately 5 to 20 billion are possible "zemlepodobnymi." Most of the known extrasolar planets - gas giants and more like Jupiter than Earth.

A. The first planet in the habitable zoneIn December 2011, NASA confirmed the first discovery of planets that are within a star's life is almost identical to the Sun. Scientists named the Kepler planet-22b. It is located in the "Goldilocks zone", 600 light-years away. The planet has a radius of about 2.5 times larger than the radius of the Earth, and rotates in the comfort of the habitable zone. Scientists are not sure of the planet: it is dominated by a rock, liquid or gas, but the opening was a huge step in the search for the "twin Earth".